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What are the rules of war? And how do they apply to Israel's actions in Gaza?_我的网站

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A | K图 000786_0 　　高毅资产邓晓峰和中东资本，双双杀了“回马枪”。　　北新建材（000786）最新披露的2026年半年报显示，截至二季度末，阿布扎比投资局和邓晓峰管理的两只产品，均现身该公司前十大流通股股东名单。

B | Six days after a brutal attack by armed Hamas militants on Israeli civilians, Israel ordered an evacuation of more than 1 million Palestinians in northern Gaza ahead of what could be an unprecedented ground offensive there against Hamas."We are going to destroy Hamas infrastructures, Hamas headquarters, Hamas military," vowed Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant as airstrikes were underway.The U.S. and other nations have repeatedly warned Israel to follow the "rules of war."But what are they? And will they prevent civilians from being hurt?Here's what to know about international humanitarian laws and how they might apply in the Israeli-Hamas conflict in Gaza.

Is Israel bound by the rules of war?

Yes.Israel has promised to abide by international humanitarian law including those under the Geneva Convention that seeks to minimize the impact on civilians, provide aid to the wounded on the battlefield, and not to mistreat prisoners of war.In general, the U.S. military and Israeli Defense Force also rely on similar rules of engagement in military operations.Israel insists it follows the rules of war and always has.But there is disagreement by international groups about exactly what qualifies as a violation in a country's quest to defend itself against terror attacks, as well as whether Israel could be prosecuted through the International Criminal Court -- an entity Israel doesn't recognize.Officials at the United Nations and European Union have accused Israel of already violating its promise not to harm civilians by cutting water and electricity to all of Gaza residents, including to hospitals. They also say it's impossible to ensure the safety of so many civilians by giving only 24 hours to evacuate to avoid the fighting.Palestinian health authorities estimate 1,799 civilians have been killed in Israeli airstrikes, including 583 children, following Hamas' attacks that have killed at least 1,300 Israelis.Ravina Shamdasani, spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human rights, said Hamas' brutality doesn't "liberate" Israel from adhering to international humanitarian laws."It is absolutely crucial that Israeli leaders and global leaders make it unambiguously clear that international humanitarian law is an obligation. It is not optional, and that military operations must be conducted in full compliance with international law," she said.President Joe Biden said he delivered that message directly to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu this week, later telling reporters "that it is really important that Israel, with all the anger and frustration … they operate by the rules of war.""And there are rules of war," Biden added.

How would the rules apply in this conflict? Would civilians be spared?

Avoiding harm to civilians though can fall into a gray area, particularly when it comes to a massive ground operation unfolding on a remarkably narrow strip of land. Gaza is among the most populated areas on Earth, roughly 7.5 miles at its widest and 25 miles long with some 2 million inhabitants.Eric Oehlerich, a retired Navy SEAL and ABC News contributor, said that even with sophisticated weaponry, such an operation would be extraordinarily difficult to carry out with no civilians harmed."There isn't a force in the world that can deal with 40,000 (enemy) soldiers interspersed with civilians in that densely populated area" and have "zero" civilian deaths, said Oehlerich."It's impossible," he added.One question will be what constitutes a valid military target, said Mick Mulroy, a former deputy assistant secretary of defense for the Middle East and retired CIA paramilitary operations officer.Israel says that Hamas -- which doesn't abide by humanitarian laws in its deliberate attack on civilians last week -- uses Palestinian civilians and hospitals as shields."If Hamas holds up in a building -- whether it's a hospital or mosque -- it becomes a valid military target," said Mulroy, also an ABC contributor. "That said, every reasonable step should be taken to eliminate or reduce civilian casualties (and) has to be done."

What does all this mean for hostages held by Hamas and US citizens inside Gaza?

Oehlerich, who has participated in military operations to free hostages, said getting those hostages out using military force will also be extraordinarily tough. That's because Hamas will likely have gone to great lengths to hide the hostages, including possibly rigging secret tunnels or even the hostages themselves with explosives.Oehlerich said success is more likely to come through backchannel negotiations with countries like Egypt and Qatar.Israeli officials say its special operations forces have been operating inside Gaza in past days trying to locate hostages. The US is also working the Red Cross and the UN to establish "safe zones" for foreign nationals to leave, including Americans located within Palestine, according to a senior State Department official.Beyond that, questions remain on how many innocent people will be hurt or killed inside Gaza. When asked by a reporter Friday what worries him most about the Israeli ground invasion, Biden had a one-word answer."Death," he said.ABC News' Shannon Crawford, William Gretsky and Mary Bruce contributed to this report.。根据北新建材定期报告，阿布扎比投资局曾长期持有该公司，邓晓峰管理的两只产品2025年三季度现身股东名单，今年一季度从前十大流通股股东名单中消失。今年二季度，北新建材股价大跌三成左右，他们再次买入。　　邓晓峰加仓　　根据北新建材半年报，截至二季度末，高毅晓峰2号致信基金、高毅晓峰鸿远集合资金信托计划新进为北新建材前十大流通股股东，持股数量分别为715.36万股、656.83万股。阿布扎比投资局持有北新建材1239.72万股。　　根据北新建材定期报告，截至一季度末，北新建材第十大流通股股东持股数量为673.68万股。由此看来，今年二季度，阿布扎比投资局和高毅晓峰2号致信基金均进行了买入操作。

　　从北新建材股价表现来看，3月初以来震荡下行，股价区间最大跌幅超过40%。8月21日，在半年度业绩披露后，北新建材大跌近9%。

　　杀了“回马枪”　　有意思的是，邓晓峰和阿布扎比投资局此前都是北新建材的“老朋友”。

C | 　　根据北新建材定期报告，截至2025年三季度末，高毅晓峰2号致信基金、高毅晓峰鸿远集合资金信托计划新进为北新建材前十大流通股股东，截至2025年四季度末，持仓分别增至1316.5万股和1214.8万股。截至今年一季度末，邓晓峰管理的两只产品均退出北新建材前十大流通股股东之列。　　阿布扎比投资局则是连续多年位列北新建材前十大流通股股东。

D | 　　梳理发现，2022年6月底，阿布扎比投资局新进为北新建材前十大流通股股东，此后一直出现在北新建材前十大股东名单中，截至2025年二季度末，持股达到1909.54万股。直到今年一季度末，阿布扎比投资局退出北新建材前十大流通股东行列。

E | 　　建材行业短期承压　　从北新建材经营情况看，上半年，北新建材营业收入为126.31亿元，同比下降6.84%；归母净利润为13.75亿元，同比下降28.72%。　　在半年报中，北新建材表示，实施“一体两翼、全球布局”发展战略，做强做优做大石膏板和石膏板+业务，加快做强做大防水、涂料业务，布局新兴国际市场，加速向消费类建材综合制造商和服务商转型。　　在谈到公司面临的风险时，北新建材表示，所处的建材行业发展与宏观经济运行情况密切相关，受固定资产投资规模、城镇化进程等宏观经济因素综合影响显著。其中，在成本端，纸面石膏板主要原燃材料护面纸、工业副产石膏及煤、天然气等材料的价格波动将给集团成本控制带来压力。

F | 防水产品的核心原材料沥青、SBS，以及涂料产品的关键原材料溶剂、成膜物质等均属石油化工衍生品，其价格受国际原油市场波动影响较大，可能对集团的盈利水平产生一定影响。

G | 　　兴业证券近期发布的研报显示，短期维度来看，消费建材处于持仓底、估值底；中期维度来看，消费建材处于业绩底，短期数据偏弱，但是走出底部将由小概率事件逐渐积累为大概率事件。从长期维度来看，消费建材龙头企业依托渠道结构优化+零售品类拓展，实现经营质量和市场份额的持续提升，或将在未来存量为主的市场中走强。（文章来源：上海证券报）。